Climate change

Temperature: 

• days and nights are generally warmer,
• fewer cold days and nights, 
• more frequent heatwaves

• Reduced agricultural yields in warmer environments due to heat stress.
• Increased heat-related mortality, particularly for the elderly, chronically sick, very young, and socially isolated.
• Increased insect outbreaks and risk of bushfires.
• Increased water demand and effects on water resources relying on snow melt.
• Water quality problems and declining air quality in cities.

More rainfall:  

• increasing frequency of heavy precipitation

• Damage to crops and soil erosion.
• Adverse effects on quality of surface and ground water.
• Increased risk of deaths, injuries, and infectious, respiratory, and skin diseases.
• Disruption of settlements, commerce, transport, and societies due to flooding.
• Pressures on urban and rural infrastructure.
• Loss of property.

Less rainfall: 

• increasing areas affected by drought.

• Land degradation, lower yields, and crop damage.
• Increased livestock deaths.
• Increased risk of bush fires.
• Food and water shortage contributing to malnutrition, and water- and food-borne diseases.
• Migration.

Storms:  

• increasing intensity  of tropical cyclones.

• Damage to crops and trees.
• Increased risk of deaths, injuries and disease spread through contaminated water or food.
• Post-traumatic stress disorder.
• Disruption by flood and high winds.
• Withdrawal by private insurers of risk coverage in vulnerable areas.
• Migration, loss of property.

Sea levels: 

• increasing incidence of extremely high  sea levels.

• Salinization of irrigation water and freshwater systems, and decreased freshwater availability
• Increased risk of deaths by drowning in floods.
• Migration-related health effects.
• Costs of coastal protection versus relocation.
• Potential for relocation of people and infrastructure.
• Tropical-cyclone effects.